Thermodynamics
Gas laws, heat transfer, entropy, and engine cycles
Diesel Cycle (PV)
Air-standard: adiabat compress, isobaric heat, adiabat expand, isochoric out; η(ρ_c, β).
Maxwell’s Demon (Toy)
2D billiards + gate: fast |v| crosses; ⟨|v|⟩ left/right + Landauer note.
Leidenfrost Effect (Toy)
T_plate vs ~200 °C threshold: vapor gap and lifetime curves — pedagogical, not measured boiling data.
Peltier & Seebeck (Schematic)
Current pumps heat across junction; ΔT drives toy mV — same couple, two modes.
Joule Expansion
Ideal gas into vacuum: Q = W = ΔU = 0; ΔS = nR ln 2 when volume doubles.
2D Ising Model
Square lattice Metropolis: kT/J vs |m| and E; T_c ≈ 2.27; optional field h.
Ideal Gas Simulator
Bouncing particles in a box. See PV=nRT in action.
Gas Laws Interactive
Boyle's, Charles's, Gay-Lussac's laws with interactive piston.
Heat Transfer
Conduction, convection, and radiation with temperature gradients.
Phase Diagram
Temperature-pressure diagram with phase transitions.
Carnot Engine
PV diagram animation with cycle steps and efficiency.
Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution
Histogram of |v| from Gaussian components vs the 3D Maxwell speed PDF; T and sample size.
Thermal Expansion
Linear ΔL = α L₀ ΔT; compare reference bar and heated/cooled length (schematic).
Brownian Motion
Heavy particle with random kicks and friction; trail and running ⟨r²⟩ vs time.
Otto Cycle
PV diagram: adiabatic compression/expansion and isochoric heat; η = 1 − r^{1−γ}.
Gas Mixing & Entropy
Two species separated then mixed; ΔS = 2nR ln 2 for equal volumes and moles.
Stirling Cycle
PV: two isotherms and two isochores; ideal η equals Carnot with a perfect regenerator.
Wet Steam (T–s sketch)
Vapor dome, horizontal isobar in two-phase region, quality x and superheat sketch.