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Procedural lab assignments built on top of our simulators: take measurements, fill the data table, fit the curve, and write the conclusion. No equipment needed.
Determining g with a Pendulum
Measure the period of a simple pendulum at several lengths, fit T² vs L, and recover the local gravitational acceleration.
Open the labHooke's Law: Spring Constant
Apply known forces to a horizontal spring model; measure extension x, linear fit F vs x, read stiffness k.
Open the labCoefficient of Static Friction (Critical Angle)
Tilt a model ramp until the block slips; record the critical angle θ and estimate μ_s ≈ tan θ from several trials, then compare to the reference value.
Open the labCoefficient of Kinetic Friction (From Acceleration)
Slide a block down a rough ramp at a known angle; measure the along-ramp acceleration a and recover μ_k = tan θ − a/(g cos θ), averaged over several runs.
Open the labArchimedes' Principle: Density of a Solid (Floating Sphere)
A mystery sphere floats in water of known density. Read the submerged volume fraction at equilibrium and estimate the sphere’s density from ρ = f·ρ_w, averaged over noisy readings.
Open the labOhm's Law: Finding an Unknown Resistance (V–I)
Sweep the supply voltage across a fixed mystery resistor; record (I, V) pairs with small instrument noise and recover R as the slope of the linear fit V versus I.
Open the labFocal Length of a Converging Thin Lens
Place a real object at several distances d_o along the optical axis; read noisy image distances d_i and recover the unknown focal length f from the Gaussian lens law, averaged over trials.
Open the labKirchhoff's Current Law at a Series Junction (I₁ = I₂)
A fixed two-resistor series branch carries one unknown loop current. Record noisy ammeter readings I₁ and I₂ for several supply voltages; a linear fit of I₂ versus I₁ should recover unit slope — KCL at the intermediate node.
Open the labSpeed of Sound from an Open–Open Resonance Tube
A fixed air column open at both ends; the model hides the true speed of sound. Tune to harmonic n, read noisy resonance frequencies fₙ, recover v from v = 2 fₙ L / n and average.
Open the labSpring–Mass Period versus Mass (T² vs m)
A fixed horizontal spring with unknown stiffness k; vary the attached mass m, record the small-amplitude period T with timing noise, and recover k from a linear fit of T² versus m.
Open the labRC Time Constant (Discharge τ = RC)
Discharge a capacitor through a known resistor. Record (t, V) and fit ln V versus time to get τ = RC.
Open the labRL Time Constant (τ = L/R on Rise)
Step the voltage on a series RL. Record i(t) and fit ln(1−i/i∞) vs t; slope = −1/τ, τ = L/R.
Open the labSnell's Law: Index of Refraction n₂
Measure θ₁ in air and θ₂ in glass; n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂, with n₁ = 1, fit sin θ₂ vs sin θ₁ with slope 1/n₂.
Open the labMalus's Law: I = I₀ cos²θ
Rotate a polarizer; record I(θ) and fit I versus cos²θ. The slope is I₀ in arbitrary units.
Open the labDiffraction Grating: Wavelength from sin θ = mλ/d
For a known line density 1/d, record diffraction orders m and sin θ, fit sin θ vs m; λ = d·(slope).
Open the labCalorimetry: Specific Heat of a Metal
Known masses: hot metal (m_m) in cool water (m_w). Read equilibrium T_f with thermometer noise; c_m is computed from the energy balance.
Open the labBoyle's Law: PV at Constant T
Isothermal: PV = nRT. Record P and V; fit or mean the product PV.
Open the labCharles / Gay-Lussac: V ∝ T at Constant p
At fixed p, V/T = nR/p = const. Record V, T, compute V/T, take mean or fit.
Open the labRange vs Angle: g from R = (v₀²/g) sin 2θ
With fixed v₀, measure horizontal range R(θ) on flat ground, fit y = R vs x = sin2θ, slope = v₀²/g.
Open the lab1D Collisions: Coefficient of Restitution e
One mass at rest, measured v₁′ and v₂′, e = −(v₂′−v₁′)/v₁.
Open the labFoucault Precession: Ω = Ω_E sin|λ|
Set latitude; read the effective precession rate; compare to Ω_E sin|λ|.
Open the labPlanck's Constant h from the Photoelectric Effect
V_stopping(f): slope dV/df = h/e. Fit V vs f; h = e·slope.
Open the labDecay Constant from ln N(t)
N(t)=N₀e^(−λt), lnN = lnN₀ − λt, T½ = ln2/λ.
Open the labWave Speed on a String: f_n = nv/(2L)
Record harmonics f_n, L fixed; v = 2f_n L/n, mean v.
Open the labμ₀ from Long Straight Wire: B = μ₀I/(2πr)
At fixed r, measure B for several I. Slope of B vs I is μ₀/(2πr).
Open the labWheatstone Bridge: Unknown R_x at Balance
At null galvanometer, R_x = R2·R3/R1. Rebalance with different R1; mean R_x.
Open the labSolar Cell: η = P_mpp / P_in
From I–V sweeps, read P_mpp, divide by incident P_in; average η over light levels.
Open the labDetermining g with an Atwood Machine
Time a known drop of the heavier mass at several mass ratios. Recover a = 2s/t² and fit a versus (m₁−m₂)/(m₁+m₂) to get g.
Open the labBallistic Pendulum: Muzzle Speed
A bullet of unknown speed embeds in a hanging block. Measure the maximum swing angle at several cord lengths and recover v₀ from momentum and energy.
Open the labSonometer: Linear Density μ
A string of unknown μ and fixed length. Measure the fundamental f₁ at several tensions and recover μ from a linear fit of f₁² versus T.
Open the labHall Coefficient R_H
A Hall bar of known thickness and current, unknown R_H. Measure U_H at several B and recover R_H from the slope of U_H versus B. The sign names the carriers.
Open the labRLC Resonance: Unknown Inductance
A series RLC with known R and C and hidden L. Sweep frequency to the current peak at several capacitances, then recover L from a fit of 1/f₀² versus C.
Open the labNewton’s Rings: Lens Curvature R
Reflected Newton rings, air film, π phase jump. Measure dark-ring radii r_m and recover the hidden lens radius from a fit of r_m² versus m.
Open the labYoung’s Double Slit: Wavelength
Double-slit fringes at a known screen distance. Measure the fringe spacing at several slit separations and recover the hidden λ from a fit of Δy versus 1/d.
Open the labTitration: Unknown Acid Concentration
Strong acid + strong base. V_a is known; C_a is hidden. Find the equivalence volume from the pH jump at several titrant concentrations and recover C_a from a fit of V_eq versus 1/C_b.
Open the labArrhenius: Activation Energy from k(T)
First-order decay of an unknown reaction. Measure [A] at several temperatures, recover k = −ln([A]/[A]₀)/t, then fit ln k versus 1/T to get E_a.
Open the labRydberg Constant from the Balmer Series
Hydrogen Balmer lines (n_f = 2). Measure λ at several n_i from a nanometre scale and recover R_H from a fit of 1/λ versus (1/4 − 1/n_i²).
Open the labWien’s Displacement Constant
A black-body spectrum with hidden λ_max. Park a cursor on the B_λ peak at several temperatures and recover b from a fit of λ_max versus 1/T.
Open the labThermal Expansion: Coefficient α
An unknown metal rod of known L₀. Measure ΔL at several ΔT and recover α from a fit of ΔL versus ΔT.
Open the labCooper–Jacob: Aquifer Transmissivity
Pump a well at known Q. Measure drawdown s at an observation well versus time and recover T from the late-time slope of s versus log₁₀ t.
Open the labPharmacokinetics: Elimination Half-Life
One-compartment IV bolus. Assay plasma C at several times, fit ln C versus t, and recover t₁/₂ = ln 2 / k_el. Clearance is k_el V_c once V_c is known.
Open the labHemoglobin P50 from the Dissociation Curve
Standard pH / T / pCO₂. Measure saturation S at several pO₂ and recover P50 from a Hill linearization: ln(S/(1−S)) versus ln pO₂.
Open the labKepler’s Third Law: T² versus a³
Time the orbital period at several semi-major axes. Fit T² versus a³ and recover the hidden GM of the model Sun from slope = 4π²/GM.
Open the labWeak-Acid Titration: pK_a at Half-Equivalence
Weak acid + strong base. Find V_eq from the pH jump, then read pH at V_b = V_eq/2. That pH is pK_a.
Open the labHodgkin–Huxley: Pulse Threshold Current
Fixed-width current pulse on a squid-axon membrane. Step I until an action potential appears and report the threshold current.
Open the labYoung’s Modulus from the Elastic Line
Unknown metal, elastic strains only. Measure stress at several strains and recover E from the slope of σ versus ε.
Open the labNernst Slope for Potassium
Fixed T and [K]ᵢ. Measure E_K at several [K]ₒ and recover the decade slope of E versus log₁₀[K]ₒ.
Open the labPhysical Pendulum: g from T(δ)
A uniform rod of known length. Time the small-angle period at several pivot distances from the centre of mass and recover g from a fit of T² versus (L²/12δ + δ).
Open the labCapstan: Coefficient of Friction μ
Known holding tension T₁. Measure the just-slipping T₂ at several wrap angles and recover μ from a fit of ln(T₂/T₁) versus φ.
Open the labLC Circuit: Unknown Inductance
Ideal series LC with known C and hidden L. Time the period at several capacitances and recover L from a fit of T² versus C.
Open the labNewton Cooling: Time Constant τ
Lumped object, known T₀ and T_∞. Measure T at several times and recover τ from a fit of ln((T−T_∞)/(T₀−T_∞)) versus t.
Open the labParallel-Plate Capacitor: ε₀ from C(1/d)
Air-filled plates of known area. Measure C at several separations and recover ε₀ from a fit of C versus 1/d.
Open the labStefan–Boltzmann Constant from M(T⁴)
A black-body cavity. Measure the radiometric exitance M at several temperatures and recover σ from a fit of M versus T⁴.
Open the labCompton Wavelength from Δλ(θ)
Known incident X-ray line. Measure the scattered wavelength at several angles and recover λ_C from a fit of Δλ versus (1 − cos θ).
Open the labMichaelis–Menten: K_m from Lineweaver–Burk
Unknown enzyme. Measure initial rate v at several [S] and recover K_m from a Lineweaver–Burk fit of 1/v versus 1/[S].
Open the labRC Low-Pass: −3 dB Cutoff Frequency
A hidden low-pass RC. Sweep frequency, find where |H| = 1/√2, and report that cutoff f_c.
Open the labBrewster Angle: Unknown Glass n
p-polarised light from air onto unknown glass. Find the incidence angle that extinguishes R_p and recover n = tan θ_B.
Open the labNernst Equation: Electron Count n
Zn–Cu cell, known E° and [Zn²⁺]. Measure E at several [Cu²⁺], fit E versus ln Q, and recover n from the slope −RT/nF.
Open the labBragg’s Law: Plane Spacing d
Known X-ray λ. For orders n = 1, 2, 3 find the grazing angle of the intensity peak and recover d from a fit of sin θ versus n.
Open the labForced Oscillator: Natural Frequency from the Resonance Peak
A hidden driven oscillator. Sweep drive frequency, find the amplitude peak, and report that ω as ω₀.
Open the labMichelson Interferometer: Wavelength from Fringe Count
Unknown monochromatic source. Change the optical path difference, count centre-spot fringe changes, and recover λ from a fit of N versus Δ.
Open the labLever Rule: Liquid Fraction on a Binary Diagram
Fixed T and overall C₀ on an isomorphous A–B diagram. Read the tie-line ends and recover the liquid fraction f_L.
Open the labSeismic Refraction: Basement Velocity from the Head-Wave Slope
Unknown two-layer section. Time the first arrival at large offsets and recover v₂ from a fit of t versus x.
Open the labChemostat: Washout Dilution Rate
A hidden Monod culture with known feed S₀. Sweep dilution D, watch steady biomass, and report the washout threshold D_w.
Open the labVisual Binary: Total Mass from Kepler III
Known separation a in AU. Time the period at several a and recover M₁+M₂ from a fit of T² versus a³ (solar units).
Open the labStellar Spectrum: Radial Velocity from a Line Shift
Known rest wavelength λ₀ (Hα). Park a cursor on the shifted absorption line and recover v ≈ c Δλ/λ₀.
Open the labEuler Column: Critical Load from the Onset of Buckling
Known L, E, I and pinned–pinned ends. Sweep the compressive load and report P when the deflection grows sharply.
Open the labVibration Isolation: Onset at T = 1
A hidden base-excited isolator. Sweep the frequency ratio, watch T = X/Y, and report the r where isolation begins (T drops through 1).
Open the labPN Diode: Ideality Factor from ln I versus V
Unknown silicon diode at known T. Measure forward I at several V and recover n from a fit of ln I versus V.
Open the labHill Dose–Response: EC50 from a Logit Fit
Unknown agonist. Measure effect E at several concentrations and recover EC50 from a fit of logit(E/Emax) versus log₁₀ C. Emax is known.
Open the lab