Why does the double-slit pattern have bright fringes of varying intensity, instead of all being equally bright?

The varying intensity is due to the combination of two effects. The fine, closely spaced fringes come from the interference of light from the two slits. However, each individual slit also diffracts light, creating a broad intensity envelope that acts as a 'modulator.' The central maximum of this single-slit diffraction pattern is brightest, so the interference fringes within it are brightest. Fringes farther out are dimmer because they lie under the weaker 'tails' of the diffraction envelope.

What happens if I make the slit width much larger than the wavelength of light?

As the slit width increases relative to the wavelength, the central diffraction peak becomes very narrow. In the limit of a very wide slit, the diffraction pattern essentially collapses to a single, sharp spot, which is the geometric shadow of the slit. This explains why we don't commonly notice diffraction of light in everyday life—most openings are enormous compared to the wavelength of visible light (~500 nm).

Does this simulator show what happens with white light instead of monochromatic light?

No, this model uses a single, pure wavelength (monochromatic light). If white light were used, each wavelength (color) would produce its own diffraction and interference pattern scaled by its wavelength. The central maximum (m=0) for all colors would overlap, creating a white fringe, but the other maxima would be spread into rainbows. The simulator's simplification allows you to clearly see the fundamental principles without the added complexity of color dispersion.

What is the key conceptual difference between single-slit 'diffraction' and double-slit 'interference'?

The terms are often used together, but they describe distinct processes. Diffraction refers to the spreading of waves when they pass through an aperture or around an obstacle; it's explained by every point on a wavefront acting as a source of secondary wavelets (Huygens' principle). Interference is the subsequent combination of these diffracted waves from two or more coherent sources. In the double-slit, light first diffracts through each slit, and then the waves from the two slits interfere with each other.

Diffraction

Single and double slit with interference patterns.

About this model

Diffraction and interference are fundamental wave phenomena that occur when light encounters obstacles or apertures comparable in size to its wavelength. This simulator models the classic single-slit and double-slit experiments, which are cornerstones of physical optics. It visualizes the resulting intensity patterns on a distant screen, governed by the principle of superposition. For a single slit of width a, illuminated by monochromatic light of wavelength λ, the angular position θ of intensity minima is given by a sinθ = mλ for m = ± 1, ± 2, .... The intensity profile follows a sinc-squared function, I(θ) = I_0 [ (sin(β))/(β) ]^2, where β = (π a sinθ)/λ. For a double slit with slit separation d and width a, the pattern is a product of the single-slit diffraction envelope and a finer interference pattern from two coherent sources. The interference maxima occur at d sinθ = nλ for integer n. The simulator simplifies the real world by assuming monochromatic, coherent plane waves (Fraunhofer/far-field diffraction), an idealized screen, and perfectly sharp, black slits. It neglects effects like near-field (Fresnel) diffraction, polarization, and finite light source size. By adjusting parameters like wavelength, slit width, and separation, students can explore the core relationships: how narrowing a slit broadens the diffraction envelope, how changing the wavelength scales the entire pattern, and how the interference fringes are modulated by the single-slit envelope. This interactive exploration solidifies understanding of Huygens' principle, wave superposition, and the wave nature of light.

Who it's for: Undergraduate physics and engineering students studying wave optics, particularly those covering Fraunhofer diffraction and interference in detail. It is also valuable for advanced high school students in AP Physics or IB courses.

Key terms

Diffraction
Interference
Single Slit
Double Slit
Huygens' Principle
Fraunhofer Diffraction
Superposition
Sinc Function

How it works

Far-field (Fraunhofer) diffraction: each slit contributes a sinc² envelope in angle. Two slits add Young interference cos²(πd sinθ/λ) inside that envelope. Colors in the plot follow the selected wavelength for emphasis; the curve is the relative intensity profile.

Key equations

Single slit: I ∝ sinc²(πa sin θ / λ)

Double slit: I ∝ cos²(πd sin θ / λ) · sinc²(πa sin θ / λ)

Frequently asked questions

Why does the double-slit pattern have bright fringes of varying intensity, instead of all being equally bright?: The varying intensity is due to the combination of two effects. The fine, closely spaced fringes come from the interference of light from the two slits. However, each individual slit also diffracts light, creating a broad intensity envelope that acts as a 'modulator.' The central maximum of this single-slit diffraction pattern is brightest, so the interference fringes within it are brightest. Fringes farther out are dimmer because they lie under the weaker 'tails' of the diffraction envelope.
What happens if I make the slit width much larger than the wavelength of light?: As the slit width increases relative to the wavelength, the central diffraction peak becomes very narrow. In the limit of a very wide slit, the diffraction pattern essentially collapses to a single, sharp spot, which is the geometric shadow of the slit. This explains why we don't commonly notice diffraction of light in everyday life—most openings are enormous compared to the wavelength of visible light (~500 nm).
Does this simulator show what happens with white light instead of monochromatic light?: No, this model uses a single, pure wavelength (monochromatic light). If white light were used, each wavelength (color) would produce its own diffraction and interference pattern scaled by its wavelength. The central maximum (m=0) for all colors would overlap, creating a white fringe, but the other maxima would be spread into rainbows. The simulator's simplification allows you to clearly see the fundamental principles without the added complexity of color dispersion.
What is the key conceptual difference between single-slit 'diffraction' and double-slit 'interference'?: The terms are often used together, but they describe distinct processes. Diffraction refers to the spreading of waves when they pass through an aperture or around an obstacle; it's explained by every point on a wavefront acting as a source of secondary wavelets (Huygens' principle). Interference is the subsequent combination of these diffracted waves from two or more coherent sources. In the double-slit, light first diffracts through each slit, and then the waves from the two slits interfere with each other.

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About this model

How it works

Key equations

Frequently asked questions

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Key equations

Frequently asked questions